Systemic and oral health status of older adult inpatients in an intensive care unit / Avaliação da condição sistêmica e oral de idosos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva

Objective: To assess the systemic and oral health status of geriatric patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of a convenience sample of 78 older ICU inpatients. A single calibrated examiner collected demographic and clinical data by analyzing patients' records and assessing their oral cavities. Descriptive data analysis was performed to a 5.00% significance level. All patients provided informed consent and were conscious during the oral health assessment. Results: The mean age was 77.69 years and 51.28% of the sample were male. The main reasons patients were admitted to the ICU investigated were postoperative conditions (23.08%) and cardiac abnormalities (20.51%). Systemic arterial hypertension (69.23%) was the most prevalent comorbidity and patients were being treated with anticoagulants (57.69%) and antimicrobials (53.85%). Most patients did not receive oral care (64.10%), while 29.49% of them received it only once, and 57.69% were denture users. The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth index was 23.74 (17.44 missing teeth, on average) and majorities had tongue biofilm (71.79%) and unsatisfactory oral hygiene during their time in hospital (84.62%). Conclusion: The oral status of hospitalized geriatric patients was characterized by poor hygiene and edentulism

Objetivos: Avaliar o estado de saúde sistêmica e oral de pacientes geriátricos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Metodologia: Estudo transversal descritivo, com amostra de conveniência de 78 idosos internados na UTI. Um único examinador calibrado coletou dados demográficos e clínicos, analisando os registros dos pacientes e avaliando as suas cavidades orais. A análise descritiva dos dados foi realizada com nível de significância de 5,00%. Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado e estavam conscientes durante a avaliação da saúde oral. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 77,69 anos e 51,28% da amostra era do sexo masculino. Os principais motivos de internação dos pacientes na UTI investigados foram condições pósoperatórias (23,08%) e alterações cardíacas (20,51%). A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (69,23%) foi a comorbidade mais prevalente, e os pacientes estavam sendo tratados com anticoagulantes (57,69%) e antimicrobianos (53,85%). A maioria dos pacientes não recebeu cuidados orais (64,10%), enquanto 29,49% deles os receberam apenas uma vez e 57,69% eram usuários de próteses dentárias. O índice médio de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados foi de 23,74 (17,44 dentes ausentes, em média) e a maioria apresentou biofilme lingual (71,79%) e higiene oral insatisfatória durante a internação (84,62%). Conclusão: A condição oral dos pacientes geriátricos hospitalizados foi caracterizada por má higiene e edentulismo.

The Clinical Pattern and Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus among Adult and Children Patients with Dental Caries

Abstract Objective: To explore the clinical pattern, host factors, and presentation of Streptococcus mutans related to caries incidence among children and adults visiting Universitas Airlangga dental clinic. Material and Methods: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional approach with 50 patients in each group of carious children (6-12 years) and adults (18-35 years). Dental decay samples were taken by sterile excavator, put in a BHI's transport medium, and directly incubated overnight at 37 ºC. The next day, they were sub-cultured microbiologically in Tryptone Yeast Cystine Sucrose Bacitracin (TYCSB) selective medium. Bacterial species and serogroups were examined by PCR. All patient's data were collected from medical records and direct observation. Results: Caries were mostly media type in both children and adults. Oral hygiene (OHIS) in children was higher than in adults but not significantly different according to their DMFT. The highest scores for decay, missed and filled teeth were 16, 8 and 7, with an average of 6.82, 1.22 and 0.63, considered quite high. Conclusion: The prevalence of S. mutans was higher in children's caries than in adults, but among the adult patients the co-incidence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was associated with higher DMFT. The mutans serotypes e, f, and d were more prevalent among children than adults.

Relación entre edad, cepillado dental y experiencia de caries en niños / Relação entre idade, escovação dentária e experiência de cárie dentária em crianças / Relationship between age, toothbrushing and caries experience in children

El cepillado dental es el método tradicional reconocido para eliminar la biopelícula. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre edad y cepillado dental, así como la asociación entre hábitos de cepillado dental y presencia de caries en un grupo de escolares de Montevideo, Uruguay. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, analítico, en 127 escolares de 4 a 11 años de edad, en Montevideo, Uruguay. Se realizó una encuesta a los padres en relación a los hábitos de cepillado dental de sus hijos y se estudiaron las variables tiempo de cepillado, Índice de Higiene Oral simplificado y se registró el índice para caries dental ICDAS. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes fue 7,93 años (DS ± 1,95). El tiempo promedio de cepillado fue de 47 segundos (DS ± 27 segundos). Los tiempos de cepillado que reportaron los padres difirieron significativamente de los observados en los niños. Al aumentar la edad, el tiempo de cepillado también aumentaba. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión múltiple para analizar la relación entre la disminución en la magnitud del IHOS debido al cepillado y las variables edad, género, tiempo de cepillado y ayuda en el cepillado. Se verificó asociación entre las variables ayuda y/o supervisión en el cepillado y presencia o no de caries dental. Conclusiones: Se encontró una relación significativa entre cepillado dental, edad y tiempo de cepillado en la población estudiada. A mayor edad, mayor tiempo de cepillado y mejor resultado en el índice de higiene oral. Los niños que recibían supervisión o ayuda de los padres fueron los que presentaron menos lesiones de caries.

A escovação dentária é o método tradicional reconhecido para a remoção do biofilme. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre idade e escovação dentária, bem como a associação entre hábitos de escovação dentária e a presença de cáries em um grupo de escolares em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Material e métodos: Um estudo observacional, transversal, analítico foi realizado em 127 escolares de 4 a 11 anos, em Montevidéu, Uruguai. Foi realizada um levantamento dos pais sobre os hábitos de escovação dentária de seus filhos e as variáveis foram estudadas para o tempo de escovação, índice simplificado de higiene bucal e o índice de cárie dentária do ICDAS. Resultados: A idade média dos participantes foi de 7,93 anos (DS s 1,95). O tempo médio de escovação foi de 47 segundos (DS x 27 segundos). Os tempos de escovação relatados pelos pais diferiram significativamente daqueles observados nas crianças. À medida que a idade aumentava, o tempo de escovação também aumentava. Um modelo de regressão múltipla foi ajustado para analisar a relação entre a diminuição da magnitude do IHOS devido à escovação e as variáveis de idade, sexo, tempo de escovação e auxílio de escovação. Houve associação entre as variáveis ajuda e/ou supervisão na escovação e presença ou não de cárie dentária Conclusões: Verificou-se uma relação significativa entre escovação dentária, idade e tempo de escovação na população estudada. Quanto mais velho, maior o tempo de escovação e melhor resultado no índice de higiene bucal. As crianças que receberam a supervisão ou a ajuda dos pais eram essas com menos os ferimentos da cavidade

Dental brushing is the recognized traditional method for removing the biofilm. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between age and toothbrushing, as well as the association between toothbrushing and caries lesions in schoolchildren in Montevideo, Uruguay. Material and methods: An observational, cross sectional and analytic study was carried on 127 schoolchildren aged 4 to 11 years old, in Montevideo, Uruguay. The parents were asked about the oral health habits of their children through a questionnaire, and the variables toothbrushing time, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index and ICDAS index were registered. Results: Mean age of the children was 7,93 years (SD ± 1,95). Mean time of toothbrushing was 47 seconds (DS ± 27 seconds). The toothbrushing times reported by the parents differed significantly from those observed in the children. As age increased, brushing time also increased. A multiple regression model was adjusted to analyze the relationship between the decrease in the magnitude of IHOS due to toothbrushing and the variables age, toothbrushing time and brushing aid. There was an association between the variables help and / or supervision in brushing and presence or not of dental caries. Conclusions: A significant relationship was found between toothbrushing, age, gender and brushing time in this group of children. When the age was higher, they spent more time brushing their teeth and they had better results in oral hygiene index. Children who had parents help or supervision had lower caries lesions

Nivel de higiene y prevalencia de Porphyromona gingivalis y Fusobacterium nucleatum en pacientes recuperados de SARS-CoV-2 / Hygiene level and prevalence of Porphyromona gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in recovered SARS-CoV-2 patients

Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 afecta el sistema respiratorio en diferentes grados. La cavidad oral es el lugar más colonizado por bacterias, por lo tanto, al no tener una adecuada higiene pueden presentarse diferentes enfermedades secundarias, lo que ha causado alerta en el gremio odontológico, ya que puede contribuir a complicaciones posteriores en los pacientes. Material y métodos: El estudio fue conformado por 47 pacientes voluntarios recuperados de SARS-CoV-2, residentes de Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México, donde fueron atendidos en Bucalia Dent, consultorio dental. Después del consentimiento informado de cada paciente, se realizó una historia clínica para conocer los síntomas, enfermedades sistémicas, ausencia de dientes y nivel de inflamación gingival de acuerdo al índice de Loe y Silness. A continuación, se tomó una muestra de biofilm microbiano (placa dentobacteriana), la cual se suspendió en una solución buffer de fosfato, posteriormente fue llevada al Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDICS), Monterrey, N.L, México. Se extrajo DNA y se purificó, después se realizó PCR para detectar los patógenos orales; la PCR se visualizó en gel de agarosa (1.5%) por tinción de bromuro de etidio. Resultados: Se detectó 80.85% Porphyromona gingivalis y 68.09% Fusobacterium nucleatum en pacientes recuperados de SARS-CoV-2; 23.4% presentaron inflamación leve de acuerdo al índice de Loe y Silness, 54.5% fueron masculinos y 45.5% femeninos. Por otro lado, 36.4% de los pacientes con inflamación leve tenían de cuatro a seis dientes ausentes. En estos pacientes se detectó 18.18% únicamente con Fusobacterium nucleatum y 27.27% sólo con Porphyromona gingivalis; el sexo masculino tuvo predisposición en 66.6% y el femenino en 33.33%. Se observó infección con los dos patógenos presentes en 45.45%; y 60% de estos pacientes fueron masculinos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes recuperados de SARSCoV- 2 analizados en esta investigación mostraron mala higiene oral y alta prevalencia de los patógenos mencionados altamente relacionados a inflamación gingival o enfermedad periodontal, lo que nos indica que es indispensable la intervención del odontólogo al finalizar el periodo de infección de cada paciente (AU)

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 affects the respiratory system to different degrees. The oral cavity is a colonized place by bacterias, therefore, by not having good hygiene, different secondary diseases can occur; this has caused an alert in the dental industry, since it can contribute to later complications in patients. Material and methods: The study was conducted in 47 SARS-CoV-2 recovered volunteers from the Montemorelos city of the Nuevo León state, Mexico, who were attended at the Bucalia Dent dental clinic. An informed consent was obtained from each of the patients, then their clinical history was documented in order to know the symptoms, previous systemic diseases, absence of teeth and degree of gingival inflammation, as suggested by Loe and Silness. Subsequently, a dental plaque sample was taken from all patients, which was suspended in a phosphate buffered solution and shipped to The Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), Monterrey, NL, Mexico for storage. DNA extraction and purification was performed and PCR was carried out for the oral pathogens detection. All PCR products were visualized on 1.5% agarose gel by ethidium bromide staining. Results: Porphyromona gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected in 80.85% and 68.09% of SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients, respectively. 23.4% showed mild inflammation based on the Loe and Silness criteria, 54.5% were male and 45.5% female. On the other hand, 36.4% of patients with mild inflammation had between 4 to 6 missing teeth. A single infection by Fusobacterium nucleatum was detected in 18.18% and by Porphyromona gingivalis in 27.27%; the male sex had a predisposition with 66.66% and 33.33% female; coinfection of both pathogens was observed in 45.45% where 60% were male. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 recovered patients show poor oral hygiene and a high prevalence of oral pathogens related to the development of inflammatory gingival or periodontal disease, this suggests the need for an odontological clinical intervention at the end of the course of infection or disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (AU)

Efeito da terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana como adjuvante no tratamento não cirúrgico da periodontite estádio III ou IV grau C / Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant in the non-surgical treatment of stage III or IV grade C periodontitis

A Periodontite estádio III e IV grau C em pacientes jovens tem um caráter mais destrutivo dos tecidos periodontais de suporte e tem impacto em perdas dentárias, função mastigatória e pior resposta ao tratamento. E a Terapia Fotodinâmica Antimicrobiana (TFD) tem surgido como uma alternativa promissora adjuvante à Terapia Periodontal não Cirúrgica (TPNC) desta doença. OBJETIVO: avaliar os efeitos da TFD como adjuvante no TPNC da Periodontite estádio III ou IV grau C, através dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais (Índice de Placa Visível (IPV), Índice de Sangramento Gengival (ISG), Sangramento à Sondagem (SS), Profundidade de Sondagem (PS), Recessão Gengival (RG), Nível de Inserção Clínica (NIC) e Mobilidade Dentária (MOB)) bem como avaliar seu impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes por meio do Oral healthrelated quality of life (OHRQoL). METODOLOGIA: Vinte e um indivíduos participaram desse ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, duplo cego, em um desenho de boca dividida por quadrantes. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com orientação de higiene bucal, raspagem e alisamento radicular por meio do Full Mouth Disinfection (FMD) e antibioticoterapia sistêmica. Os quatro quadrantes foram randomizados de acordo com os seguintes grupos: grupo 1 (FMD + AB), grupo 2 (FMD + AB + TFD em sessão única), grupo 3 (FMD + AB + TFD em quatro sessões) e grupo 4 (FMD + AB + laserterapia com luz infravermelha em quatro sessões). As avaliações foram feitas no baseline e com média de 6 meses após o tratamento. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se uma melhora dos parâmetros clínicos com redução significativa da PS, NIC e SS para todos grupos e da MOB para os grupos FMD + AB, FMD + AB + TFD sessão única e FMD + AB + TFD em 4 sessões após o tratamento, apresentou redução expressivamente maior do NIC no grupo FMD + AB + TFD 4 sessões (ΔMédia = 3,04 mm) em relação ao grupo FMD + AB (Δmédia =2,18 mm), ou seja, com diferença de 0,86 mm. A estratificação das PS no baseline em PS = 5mm e PS ≥ 6mm mostrou que para PS ≥ 6mm, o grupo FMD + AB + TFD em 4 sessões apresentou maior redução da PS (p = 0,005) e NIC (p = 0,001) em relação ao grupo FMD + AB. Em relação à QV, houve aumento significativo dos valores OHRQoL (p = 0,001) e dos domínios físico (p < 0,001), social (p = 0,027) e psicológico (p = 0,005) após o tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: A terapia periodontal do FMD associada a antibioticoterapia, com acréscimo ou não da TFD apresenta resultados significativos na melhora dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais e, em bolsas mais profundas, a TFD em 4 sessões apresentou resultados superiores. Ademais, a Periodontite estádio III ou IV grau C reflete negativamente na percepção da QV, porém, a TPNC apresentou impacto positivo sobre a mesma (AU).

Stage III ­ IV grade C periodontitis in young patients has a more destructive character of periodontal support tissues and has impact on loss of teeth, masticatory function and worse response to treatment. The Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has become as a promising alternative, adjuvant to Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy (NSPT) of this disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adjunctive PDT on the non-surgical treatment of stage III ­ IV, grade C Periodontitis, through the analysis of periodontal clinical parameters (Visible Plaque Index (VPI), Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Bleeding on Probing (BP), Pocket Probing Depth (PPD), Gingival Recession (GR), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) and Tooth Mobility (Mob)) as well as to assess their impact on quality of life (QoL) of the patients through Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) questionnaire. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-one subjects particpated in this controlled randomized, double-blind trial, in a split-mouth design divided into quadrants. All the patients were treated with oral hygiene guidance, scaling and root planing through Full Mouth Disinfection (FMD) and systemic anbiotics. The four quadrants were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: group (FMD + AB), group 2 (FMD + AB + PDT in a single session), group 3 (FMD + AB + PDT in four sessions), and group 4 (FMD + AB + laser therapy with infrared light in four sessions). Assessments were made at baseline and an average of 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: There was an improvement in clinical parameters with significant reduction of PPD, CAL and BoP for all therapies as well as Mob for FMD + AB, FMD + AB + PDT in a sihgle session and FMD + AB + PDT in 4 sessions groups, however there was a significantly greater reduction in CIN in the FMD + AB + PDT group 4 sessions (ΔAverage = 3.04 mm) in relation to the FMD + AB group (ΔAverage = 2.18 mm), that is, with a difference of 0.86 mm. Stratification of the baseline pockets in PPD = 5mm and PPD ≥ 6mm showed that, for PPD ≥ 6mm, FMD + PDT in 4 sessions had a greater reduction of PPD (p = 0.005) and CAL (p = 0.001) in relation to FMD group). Regarding QoL analysis, there was a significant increase in the OHRQoL (p = 0.001) and in the physical (p < 0,001), social (p = 0.027) and psychological (p = 0.005) domains after treatment. CONCLUSION: FMD therapy associated with systemic antibiotic therapy, with or without addition of PDT, showed significant improvement of the clinical periodontal parameters and, in deeper pockets, PDT in 4 sessions showed better results. Furthermore, stage III - IV grade C Periodontitis reflected negatively on the QoL perception, however, NSPT had a positive impact on it (AU).

Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Profile, Parity and Dental Caries Among a Group of Nursing Mothers in South East, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk indicators of caries among nursing mothers in a tertiary hospital. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 408 nursing mothers aged 15 to 52 years who brought their children for immunization in a tertiary hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Data on socio-demographic profile, parity, dental visits were collected. The presence of dental caries was recorded using the World Health Organization criteria. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 11.0%, and the mean DMFT was 0.18. There was a statistically significant association between level of education (p<0.001), past dental visit (p<0.001) and the occurrence of dental caries. Caries was more prevalent in the mandibular teeth than the maxillary teeth. The left mandibular first and second permanent molars had the highest occurrence of dental caries. Missing (M) component of the DMFT index was highest and the care index was low. The significant predictors of caries among nursing mothers were fair oral hygiene and having below tertiary education. Conclusion: The prevalence of caries and the care index were both low in this study population. The significant predictors of dental caries were a tertiary level of education and poor oral hygiene. Incorporating oral health education during postnatal care can help reduce dental caries' occurrence and complications among nursing mothers in the study population.

Comparison of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene Status of Children in Suburban with those in Rural Population of Southwestern Nigeria

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status and associated risk factors of children in suburban and rural communities in the Southwest region of Nigeria. Material and Methods: Secondary data was extracted from cross-sectional researches conducted in two study locations involving 8 to 12 year olds. Data retrieved included age, gender, family structure, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene and dental caries. Caries assessment was done using WHO Oral Health Survey methods. Oral hygiene data was collected using Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) by Greene and Vermillion. Statistical significance was established at p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of dental caries in Group A and Group B study participants were 13.4% and 22.2% respectively. Children from rural community had significant higher caries prevalence (p=0.00) and poorer oral hygiene (P=0.00) compare with their counterparts in the suburban community. There was a significant association between oral hygiene, age and dental caries in suburban participants (p=0.02) while among the rural participants there was significant association between gender and dental caries (p=0.04). Children with poor oral hygiene have increased odds of having dental caries compared to children with good oral hygiene in the two study communities. Conclusion: Dental caries was more prevalent among the rural dwellers than the sub-urban dwellers. There is a need to make oral health care services/products available, accessible and affordable for the rural community.

Evaluation of periodontal indices in young adults submitted to chlorhexidine 0. 12% mouthwash: a randomized clinical trial / Avalização dos índices periodontais em adultos jovens submetidos a enxaguatório bucal a 0, 12% de clorexidina: um ensaio clínico randomizado

Introduction Gingivitis is a gingival inflammation which can often be treated with oral hygiene such as brushing, flossing, and an antiseptic mouthwash. Objective The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to clinically evaluate the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution as an anti-inflammatory agent and for reducing the presence of plaque and inflammation in young adults. Material and method Thirty patients with gingivitis aged 18 to 30 years with a probing depth ≤ 3 mm and a minimum of 20 teeth in the whole mouth were selected and evaluated at baseline and 30 days after treatment. Periodontal clinical parameters were verified: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), Simplified Debris Index (DI-S), and Simplified Calculus Index (CI-S) Patients were then randomly allocated into two groups: CHX Group, received chlorhexidine 0.12% labeled as solution 1, and Placebo Group, received saline solution labeled as solution 2. Both groups were included in a hygiene program and received mouthwash. Result Statistically significant differences between CHX and Placebo groups were observed for the variables PI, GI, DI-S, CI-S, and OHI-S (p<0.05 - Paired T Test) after 30 days. The CHX group presented improved GI compared to Placebo at 30 days. Chlorhexidine 0.12% was efficient in the control of periodontium inflammation. Conclusion It can be concluded that chlorhexidine as a mouthwash is efficient in improving periodontal indices in young adults, but it is still controversial whether age can influence GI and OHI-S.

Introdução A gengivite é uma inflamação gengival que geralmente pode ser tratada com higiene oral, como escovação, uso do fio dental e um anti-séptico bucal. Objetivo O objetivo deste ensaio clínico randomizado foi avaliar clinicamente a eficácia da solução de clorexidina 0,12% (CHX) como um agente antiinflamatório e na redução da presença de placa e inflamação em adultos jovens. Material e método Trinta pacientes com gengivite com idade entre 18 e 30 anos com profundidade de sondagem ≤ 3 mm com mínimo de 20 dentes em toda a boca foram selecionados e avaliados no início do estudo e 30 dias após o tratamento. Foram verificados os parâmetros clínicos periodontais: índice de placa (IP), índice gengival (GI), Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado (IHO-S), Índice de Debris Simplificado (DI-S) e Índice de Cálculo Simplificado (IC-S). A seguir, os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Grupo CHX, recebeu clorexidina 0,12% previamente identificada como solução 1 e grupo placebo, recebeu solução salina identificada como solução 2. Ambos os grupos foram incluídos em programa de higiene e receberam enxaguatório bucal. Resultado Diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos CHX e Placebo foi observada para as variáveis ​​PI, GI, DI-S, CI-S e OHI-S (p <0,05 - Teste T Pareado) após 30 dias. O grupo CHX melhorou a resposta ao GI em comparação ao placebo em 30 dias. Clorexidina 0,12% foi eficiente no controle da inflamação do periodonto. Conclusão Pode-se concluir que a eficácia da clorexidina como enxaguatório bucal na melhora dos índices periodontais foi confirmada em adultos jovens, mas ainda é controverso que a idade pode influenciar o IG e IHO-S.

Tratamiento no quirúrgico del agrandamiento gingival asociado a la pubertad: reporte de caso clínico / Non-surgical treatment of gingival enlargement associated with puberty: a clinical case report

RESUMEN Introducción: los agrandamientos gingivales suelen tratarse a través de terapias quirúrgicas de gingivectomías; su tratamiento no quirúrgico mecánico también es una opción sobre todo en los casos de gingivitis asociada a la pubertad como consecuencia de los cambios hormonales. Objetivo: describir el tratamiento no quirúrgico de una paciente de 12 años con agrandamiento gingival asociado a la pubertad y lesiones gingivales inducidas por biofilm dental. Presentación del caso: el caso presentó un agrandamiento gingival leve localizado que remitió al cabo de un mes a la primera fase de tratamiento, después de tres sesiones de fisioterapias con la remoción de biofilm calcificado se obtuvo una reducción del porcentaje del índice de higiene oral sin requerir intervención quirúrgica. A los cuatro años de seguimiento se observó reducción completa del agrandamiento gingival y bolsas periodontales. Conclusiones: la terapia periodontal mecánica es una alternativa eficaz en la reducción de la inflamación gingival inducida por hormonas durante la pubertad sin la necesidad de requerir intervenciones quirúrgicas para el tratamiento del agrandamiento gingival. Otras alternativas como las gingivectomías son aplicables; sin embargo requieren procedimientos más complejos, costosos y aumento de la morbilidad del paciente; en ese sentido el tratamiento mecánico no quirúrgico se muestra como una opción viable(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Gingival enlargement is usually treated with gingivectomy as an alternative to surgery; however, non-surgical mechanical treatment is another option especially in cases of gingivitis associated with puberty as a result of hormonal changes. Objective: To describe the non-surgical treatment of a 12-year-old patient with gingival enlargement associated with puberty and gingival lesions induced by dental biofilm. Case presentation: The patient presented a localized mild gingival enlargement that relapsed to the first phase of treatment after one month. Three months after physiotherapy sessions with removal of calcified biofilm, a reduction in the percentage of oral hygiene index to "good" was obtained; therefore, surgical treatment was not required. Four years later, there was a complete reduction in gingival enlargement and periodontal pockets. Conclusions: Mechanical periodontal therapy is an effective alternative to reduce gingival inflammation induced by hormones during puberty not requiring surgical intervention to treat gingival enlargement. Other alternatives such as gingivectomies are performed; however, they require more complex, expensive procedures and they can also increase patient morbidity. In that sense, the uniqueness of the non-surgical mechanical treatment is chosen as a feasible option(AU)

Eficacia del uso de un enjuague con aceites esenciales para el control del biofilm dental / Efficacy of the use of a rinse with essential oils for the control of dental biofilm

Introducción: Se ha documentado que, para tener mejores resultados en el control del biofilm oral, es necesario el uso de controles químicos, antes o después del cepillado dental. Entre éstos, encontramos los enjuagues de aceites esenciales. Objetivo: Determinar la actividad del enjuague con aceites esenciales antes o después del cepillado, en el control del biofilm dental. Material y métodos: El estudio se realizó con 27 voluntarios. Los participantes fueron seleccionados y agrupados. El grupo 1 fue el control, que empleó su técnica de cepillado habitual y dos grupos experimentales que, además del cepillado con dentífrico, usaron un enjuague de aceites esenciales durante ocho días, ya sea antes (grupo 2) o después del cepillado dental (grupo 3). La cuantificación del número de superficies teñidas en los tres grupos, tanto el estado inicial como posterior al uso de los enjuagues, se hizo con el índice de O'Leary y un revelador de placa tritonal, el cual permitió la observación del biofilm de forma clínica, así como su grado de patogenicidad. Resultados y conclusión: El análisis estadístico estableció que no existe diferencia significativa entre no usar y usar el enjuague con aceites esenciales antes o después del cepillado (AU)

Introduction: It has been documented that, to have better results in the control of oral biofilm, it is necessary to use chemical control, before or after tooth brushing. Among these, we find the essential oil rinses. Objective: To determine the activity of the rinse with essential oils before or after brushing, in the control of the dental biofilm. Material and methods: The study was conducted with 27 volunteers. The participants were selected and grouped. Group 1 was the control, which used its usual brushing technique and two experimental groups that, in addition to brushing with toothpaste, used a mouthwash of essential oils, for eight days, either before (group 2) or after tooth brushing (group number 3). For the quantification of the number of stained surfaces in the three groups, to record both the initial and subsequent state of the use of the rinses, it was done with the O'Leary index and a tritonal developer, which allowed the observation of the biofilm of clinical form, as well as its degree of pathogenicity. Results and conclusion: The statistical analysis established that there is no significant difference between not using and using the rinse with essential oils before or after brushing (AU)

Encuesta Nacional de Salud Bucal en la población Salvadoreña, año 2016-2017 / National Survey of Oral Health in the Salvadoran population, year 2016-2017

Introducción: Considerando la revisión bibliográfica realizada y los datos oficiales disponibles, se podría afirmar que El Salvador sufre un analfabetismo epidemiológico en lo referente a las principales afecciones del Sistema Estomatognático, debido entre otras múltiples causas a la carencia o limitado número de estudios con rigor científico-metodológico, que reflejen la situación global de las principales afecciones del Sistema Estomatognático en diferentes grupos etarios. Ante ello, se realiza la primera encuesta de salud bucal a nivel nacional, apegada a lo establecido metodológicamente por la OMS, criterios actualizados y considerando muestras representativas de diferentes edades, zonas geográficas del país y condiciones sociodemográficas. Objetivos: Determinar la condición de salud bucal y las necesidades de tratamiento de la población salvadoreña a través de la aplicación de diferentes indicadores epidemiológicos, caracterizar la población según condición sociodemográfica, identificar sus conocimientos y prácticas en salud bucal. Metodología: El diseño corresponde a un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, característico de una encuesta de salud oral y metodología Pathfinder según OMS. El trabajo de campo se efectuó en 24 municipios de El Salvador, entre 2016 y 2017. La muestra total fue de 3881 salvadoreños, de ambos sexos, distribuidos en seis grupos etarios (2-5, 5-6, 6-12, 13-17,18-30, 31-45 y 60 a más), siguiendo la técnica de muestreo estratificado por conglomerados sugerida por el Manual de Encuestas de Salud Bucodental de la OMS, 2013. Los datos fueron analizados en SPSS V25, donde fueron calculadas las medias, desviaciones estándar y porcentajes de las variables analizadas.

Introduction: Considering the bibliographic review carried out and the official data available, it could be stated that El Salvador suffers from illiteracy epidemiological in relation to the main conditions of the System Stomatognathic, due among other multiple causes to the lack or limited number of studies with scientific-methodological rigor, which reflect the global situation of the main conditions of the Stomatognathic System in different groups ages. Given this, the first national oral health survey is carried out, adhered to what is methodologically established by the WHO, updated criteria and considering representative samples of different ages, geographic areas of the country and sociodemographic conditions. Objectives: Determine oral health condition and treatment needs of the Salvadoran population through the application of different indicators epidemiological, characterize the population according to sociodemographic condition, Identify your knowledge and practices in oral health. Methodology: The design corresponds to an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional, characteristic of an oral health survey and Pathfinder methodology according to WHO. The field work was carried out in 24 municipalities of El Salvador, between 2016 and 2017. The total sample was 3,881 Salvadorans, of both sexes, distributed into six age groups (2-5, 5-6, 6-12, 13-17,18-30, 31-45 and 60 and over), following the stratified cluster sampling technique suggested by the WHO Oral Health Survey Manual, 2013. Data were analyzed in SPSS V25, where the means, deviations standard and percentages of the analyzed variables

Prevalencia de enfermedades bucodentales en escolares de 6, 12 y 15 años en Islay (Arequipa, Perú) / Prevalence of oral diseases in schoolchildren of 6, 12 and 15 years old in Islay (Arequipa-Peru)

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de enfermedades bucodentales en niños de 6, 12 y 15 años en Islay, Arequipa. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 360 estudiantes de 6, 12 y 15 años, de ambos sexos, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El nivel de confianza se determinó en un 95% y el margen de error en un 5%. Para evaluar las patologías orales, se utilizó los índices de IHO-S, IHOS-M, IPC-M, CPOD, ceod, el de la OMS y el de Dean. Los estudiantes fueron examinados visual y clínicamente. Resultados: Con referencia al IHO-S: buena higiene,72,5% en deciduos, 63,3% en permanentes; regular higiene, 27,5% en deciduos, 35,0% en permanentes; mala higiene, 1,7% en permanentes, existe diferencia significativa en cuanto a la edad. El CPOD fue de 6,71 cariados, 0,14 perdidos, 1,44 obturados y un promedio de 8,29; existe diferencia significativa según la edad. De acuerdo con el IPC-M, el 81,4% padece de gingivitis; el 57,5%, periodontitis; el 4,2%, periodontitis severa, y hay diferencias significativas según la edad. Las maloclusiones: oclusión normal, 38,9%; maloclusión leve, 38,6%, y moderada o severa, 22,5%; el 61,1% padece de maloclusiones. Respecto de la fluorosis, el 34,7% no presentó lesión; fluorosis cuestionable, 15%; fluorosis muy leve, 30,3%; fluorosis leve, 11,7%; fluorosis moderada, 1,1%; la prevalencia fue del 58,1%. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de enfermedades bucodentales es elevada y el riesgo de caries dental es alto. Se observa una regular y mala higiene en la dentición permanente. El porcentaje de gingivitis es alto. Las maloclusiones están en el rango de leve a moderado. La fluorosis dental está en un rango de muy leve. (AU)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of oral diseases in children 6, 12 and 15 years old in Islay, Arequipa. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 360 students of 6, 12 and 15 years of age of both sexes who met the inclusion criteria. The level of confidence was determined at 95% and the margin of error at 5%. To evaluate oral pathologies, the OHI-S, OHI-M, mPI/PI, DMFT, DMFS, the WHO and the Dean index were used. The students were examined visually and clinically. Results: Regarding IHO-S: good hygiene was observed in 72.5% in deciduous and 63.3% in permanent teeth; regular hygiene was found in 27.5% in deciduous and 35.0% in permanent teeth with poor hygiene in 1.7% in permanent teeth and significant differences in age. The CPOD showed 6.71 carious, 0.14 lost, 1.44 blocked and an average of 8.29 with significant differences in relation toage. According to the IPC-M, 81.4% had gingivitis, 57.5% periodontitis, 4.2 % severe periodontitis, with significant differences for age. Malocclusions included: normal occlusion 38.9%, mild malocclusion 38.6% and moderate or severe 22.5%; 61.1 % had malocclusions. In relation to fluorosis, 34.7% had no lesion, 15% questionable fluorosis, 30.3% very mild fluorosis, 11.7% mild fluorosis, and 1.1% moderate fluorosis with a prevalence of 58.1%. Conclusions: The prevalence of oral diseases and the risk of dental caries are high in children, with regular and poor hygiene being observed in permanent dentition. The percentage of gingivitis is high. The prevalence of malocclusions ranges from mild to moderate while the prevalence of dental fluorosisis is low. (AU)

Salud bucal en una escuela de formación profesional policial peruana / Oral health at a Peruvian police academy

RESUMEN Introducción: La salud bucal en el adulto joven es un derecho humano básico, y su contribución es fundamental para el goce de buena calidad de vida. Objetivo: Determinar la salud bucal en una escuela de formación profesional policial peruana en el período de julio a agosto del 2017. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 276 adultos jóvenes seleccionados aleatoriamente, cumpliendo criterios de inclusión y exclusión, según las normas éticas en investigación científica. Se evaluó la salud bucal mediante una ficha epidemiológica con los indicadores: índice CPOD, índice de significancia de caries dental (SIC), índice de higiene oral simplificado (IHO-S) y el índice de necesidad y situación de prótesis dental de la OMS. La evaluación se realizó con luz natural por un observador calibrado. Los datos se analizaron en el programa STATA v 14 mediante tablas de distribución de frecuencias y figuras. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries dental fue de 63,76 por ciento (CPOD= 3,86; SIC= 9,64), IHO-S: 2,02 (DS= 0,41). La prótesis parcial fija fue la que más se usó y se necesitó en ambos maxilares. Conclusiones: La experiencia de caries dental fue moderada, la condición de higiene oral fue regular, y la prótesis parcial fija fue la que más se necesitó y se uso en ambos maxilares. Aunque los indicadores son alentadores, aún urge la necesidad de implementar políticas sanitarias en salud bucal en la comunidad policial(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The oral health of young adults is a basic human right, and its contribution is fundamental for the enjoyment of a good quality of life. Objective: Determine oral health at a Peruvian police academy from July to August 2017. Methods: An observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample was 276 young adults randomly selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and in compliance with the ethical standards of scientific research. Oral health was evaluated with the aid of an epidemiological card containing the following indicators: CPOD index, dental caries significance (DCS) index, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), and WHO dental prosthesis need and situation. The evaluation was conducted by a qualified observer under natural light. Data were processed with the software STATA v 14, using frequency distribution tables and figures. Results: Dental caries prevalence was 63.76 percent (CPOD= 3.86; DCS= 9.64), OHI-S: 2.02 (SD= 0.41). Fixed partial dentures were the most commonly used, and they were required in both jaws. Conclusions: Dental caries experience was moderate, oral hygiene status was fair, and fixed partial dentures were the most commonly required for both jaws. Although the indicators are heartening, there is still an urgent need to implement oral health policies in the police community(AU)

Aleitamento natural e artificial: relações com a ocorrência de bactérias cariogênicas e saúde do bebê / Natural and artificial breastfeeding: relationships with the occurrence of cariogenic bacteria and baby's health

A Organização Mundial de Saúde recomenda o aleitamento materno exclusivo durante os primeiros 6 meses de vida do bebê, e sabe-se que hábitos alimentares inadequados estão associados a várias doenças, como cárie dentária e obesidade. A cárie dentária está relacionada a microrganismos como Streptococcus mutans que, por sua vez, facilitam a colonização por Candida. O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi analisar a ocorrência de S. mutans, Candida, uso de antibiótico, internação hospitalar e hábitos alimentares da criança e relacionar esses aspectos com a modalidade de aleitamento, no binômio mãe-filho, bem como com o índice de higiene bucal. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo longitudinal, com 42 pares de mães e crianças aos 30 meses de vida. O exame clínico, para averiguação de presença de cárie e Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado (IHOS), foi realizado nos pares em visitas domiciliares, além de aplicação de questionário sobre hábitos alimentares, uso de antibiótico e internação da criança, e coleta de saliva de mãe e filho, para análise de cultura de S. mutans e Candida. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que 64,28% das mães interromperam o aleitamento materno antes dos 06 meses de idade do bebê, 100,00% de bebês apresentaram S. mutans, 51,28% apresentaram Candida, 57,14% dos bebês foram submetidos à antibioticoterapia, 21,42% foram internados, 73,80% tinham hábitos alimentares inadequados, 71,43% fizeram uso de aleitamento artificial e 100,00% apresentaram (IHOS) baixo, e 11,90% das crianças apresentaram lesão de cárie. Portanto, com base nos resultados obtidos e respeitando-se os limites do estudo, concluiu-se que não houve relação da variável desmame precoce com a presença de S. mutans e Candida, uso de antibióticos e a internação hospitalar da criança, porém, houve a associação de presença de cárie com as variáveis desmame precoce-hábito alimentar (p=0,046) e uso de mamadeira-aleitamento artificial (p=0,018)(AU)

The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of the baby's life, and inadequate eating habits are associated with several diseases, such as tooth decay and obesity. Dental caries is related to microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans that facilitate colonization by Candida. The objective of this research was to analyze the occurrence of S. mutans, Candida, use of antibiotics, hospitalization and children's eating habits and to relate these aspects with the type of breastfeeding, in the mother-child binomial, as well as with the oral hygiene index. This is an excerpt from a longitudinal study, with 42 pairs of mothers and children at 30 months of age. The clinical examination, to check for the presence of caries and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (IHOS), was carried out in pairs in home visits, in addition to the application of a questionnaire on eating habits, use of antibiotics and hospitalization of the child, and collection of saliva from mother and son, for culture analysis of S. mutans and Candida. As main results, it was found that 64.28% of mothers stopped breastfeeding before the baby was 6 months old, 100.00% of babies had S. mutans, 51.28% had Candida, 57.14% babies were submitted to antibiotic therapy, 21.42% were hospitalized, 73.80% had inadequate eating habits, 71.43% used artificial breastfeeding and 100.00% had low (IHOS), and 11.90% of the children had caries injury. Therefore, based on the results obtained and respecting the limits of the study, it was concluded that there was no relationship between the variable early weaning with the presence of S. mutans and Candida, use of antibiotics and the child's hospitalization, however, there was the association of the presence of caries with the variables early weaning-eating habits (p = 0.046) and use of bottle-feeding (p = 0.018)(AU)

Oral Health Status Among 12-Year-Old Schoolchildren in Kosovo

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the oral health status of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Kosovo. Material and Methods: The study involved 1204 schoolchildren aged 12 years from urban and rural areas, from different cities of Kosovo. The questionnaire included demographic data, gender, residence, dental status, oral hygiene, and daily brushing habits. The feasibility of the questionnaire was verified replicating it on 10% of the sample. Daily brushing habits were reported to frequency: as once per day, twice a day and rarely. Caries status was recorded in permanent dentition as DMFT and Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S) was used to assess oral hygiene status. The analysis included occurrences and means. The differences among means were tested using the student t-test (p<0.05). Results: The highest mean and standard deviation of DMFT and OHI-S index was found among rural schoolboys 3.67 ± 1.98 and OHI-S 1.75. In total sample, 54.1% of them brush their teeth only once a day, 39.7 % brush their teeth twice a day and only 6.2 % rarely brush their teeth. Conclusion: Preventive measures are needed to improve dental health in 12 years old schoolchildren.

Oral Hygiene and Dental Caries Status on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the oral hygiene and dental caries status on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients, also it's with SLE disease activity. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted on 93 SLE patients from 2017 to 2019 on Saiful Anwar Hospital Indonesia. All SLE patients had clinical examination using DMF-T, Personal Hygiene Performance-Modified (PHP-M), Calculus Index (CI), Debris Index (DI), Plaque Index (PI) and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Clinical examination and laboratory tests are conducted to assess the activity of SLE measured using. The data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA test. Results: A total of 74% of subjects with SLE had dental caries. PHP-M with SLE severity was found significant (p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.982). Plaque with SLE severity was found significant (p=0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.938). OHI-S with SLE severity was found significant (p<0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.953). DMF-T levels with SLE severity was found significant (p=0.001) and a strong positive correlation (r=0.974). It showed that the severity of disease activity was related to poor oral hygiene and a high incidence of dental caries. Conclusion: There is a correlation between oral hygiene, dental caries and SLE severity.

Association Between Periodontal Health Knowledge and Oral Hygiene in Brazilian Adolescents

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the influence of oral health knowledge in adolescents' oral hygiene pattern. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 291 participants aged between 14 and 19 years old enrolled in a public school in Curitiba, Brazil. A self-administered questionnaire containing five affirmations about periodontal diseases and their forms of prevention was arranged on a three-point Likert scale. Correct answers were given a weight=1 and incorrect ones, weight=0. The knowledge score (KS) was determined by the sum. Socioeconomic and demographic data were obtained by a questionnaire sent to those responsible. The oral hygiene pattern was evaluated through the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) by a calibrated researcher (K=0.89). Mann-Whitney U test and univariate and multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance were used for data analysis (α=0.05). Results: There was an inversely proportional association between KS and OHI-S (p=0.018). The multiple model showed that adolescents with a lower KS (PR = 0.93, CI95%: 0.88-0.99), male gender (PR = 1.17, CI95%: 1.01-1.37) and whose caregivers presented a lower level of education (PR=1.30, CI95%: 1.03-1.64) showed a higher index of dental plaque. Conclusion: The level of oral health knowledge, the gender and the caregivers' level of education influences the adolescents' oral hygiene pattern.

Oral Hygiene and Dentition Status in Patients with Congenital Hemorrhagic Disorders: A Comparative Study

Abstract Objective: To compare the status of oral hygiene and dentition in patients with congenital hemorrhagic disorders with their age-matched healthy counterparts. Also, the prevalence of fear of dentists/ dental treatment among these patients was assessed. Material and Methods: This study was performed on children and adults with von Willebrand disease (vWD), hemophilia (A or B), and healthy subjects. Oral health and dentition status was assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), plaque index, and the decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft/DMFT) index. One-way ANOVA test was employed to compare the oral hygiene and dentition status of subjects in the three groups. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The DMFT score did not vary significantly between the groups (p>0.05). Higher OHI-S scores and a poor oral hygiene status was observed more in the hemophilia group than the vWD group and healthy controls. A total of 27.3% of the subjects in the vWD group, 18.2% of subjects in the hemophilia group, and no subjects in the healthy group had a fear of dentists or dental treatment. Conclusion: Subjects with vWD had a higher number of carious teeth when compared to the other groups. Poor oral hygiene status was observed in subjects with hemophilia.

Perfil epidemiológico de los donadores de dientes humanos extraídos en establecimientos de salud pública, ubicados en Cuscatlán, La Paz y San Salvador, durante el año 2019 / Epidemiological profile of donors of human teeth extracted in public health facilities, located in Cuscatlán, La Paz and San Salvador, during the year 2019

Objetivo: Determinar el perfil epidemiológico de los donadores de dientes humanos en establecimientos de salud pública ubicados en Cuscatlán, La Paz y San Salvador durante el 2019. Metodología: Investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal en 250 sujetos usuarios de cinco establecimientos de salud pública. Los instrumentos utilizados para la evaluación de las variables en estudio fueron cédula de entrevista para el registro de datos sociodemográficos e historia médica; para evaluar la condición bucal y características del diente extraído, una guía de observación. La información obtenida fue analizada en el programa SPSS, versión 25.0. Resultados: La población se concentró en los rangos de edades desde 21 a 50 años (58.8%), prevaleciendo el sexo femenino (64.0%), provenientes del área rural (56.80%). En la condición bucal, prevaleció la higiene bucal regular(35.60%); entre las entidades patológicas, las lesiones cariosas (78.0%),gingivitis/enfermedad periodontal (84.40%), abscesos (4.40%) y bruxismo(18.40%). Con respecto al motivo de extracción, el 48.40% fue por caries dental; 28.80%, enfermedad periodontal; 14.0%, razones ortodónticas. Los dientes extraídos con mayor frecuencia fueron con un 8.80% la 2-8, seguido del 8.0% por la 1-6 y con el 6.40% la 4-6. Conclusiones: La mayor cantidad de donadores de órganos dentales se encuentra en el grupo etario de 31 a 40 años, la mayoría pertenecientes al sexo femenino, provenientes del área rural. La principal causa de extracción de los órganos dentales recolectados fue caries dental y la tercera molar superior izquierda donada con mayor frecuencia.

To determine the epidemiological profile of human tooth donors in public health facilities located in Cuscatlán, La Paz and San Salvador during 2019. Methodology: Observational, descriptive and cross-cutting research in 250 subjects using five public health facilities. The instruments used for the evaluation of the variables under study were the interview cards for the recording sociodemographic data and medical history; To evaluate the oral condition and characteristics of the extracted tooth, an observation guide. The information obtained was analyzed in the SPSS program, version 25.0. Results: The population was concentrated on age ranges from 21 to 50 years (58.8%), prevailing the female gender (64.0%), coming from the rural area (56.80%). In the oral condition, regular oral hygiene prevailed (35.60%); Among the pathological entities, caries lesions (78.0%), gingivitis / periodontal disease (84.40%), abscesses (4.40%) bruxism (18.40%). With regard to the extraction site, 48.40% was tooth decay; 28.80%, periodontal disease; 14.0%, orthodontic reasons. The most frequently extracted teeth were with 8.80% 2-8, followed by 8.0% by 1-6 and 6.40% 4-6. Conclusions: The largest number of dental organ donors is found in the age group of 31 to 40 years, most of them female, from the rural area. The main cause of removal of the collected dental organs was tooth decay and the third most commonly donated upper left molar.

Índice de Higiene Oral en los Escolares de 12 años de la Parroquia Checa en el Cantón Cuenca, Provincia del Azuay - Ecuador, 2016 / Oral hygiene index in 12-year-old schoolchildren of the Checa parish in Canton Cuenca, Province of Azuay, Ecuador, 2016

Objetivo: Determinar el Índice de Higiene Oral en escolares de 12 años, de la Parroquia Checa del Cantón Cuenca, Provincia del Azuay ­ Ecuador, 2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal; la técnica empleada para determinar el estado del perfil epidemiológico fue observacional. Los indicadores se lograron obtener por una encuesta estructurada. Resultados: De los 109 escolares de 12 años encuestados se observó un ligero predominio del sexo femenino (58%) sobre el sexo masculino (42%). Además, se determinó que el 47,7% presenta una buena higiene oral, el 36,7% una higiene oral excelente, el 14,7% una higiene oral regular y el 0,9% una mala higiene oral, dando como resultado que más de la mitad de los escolares presentan un IHO bueno y excelente. Conclusión: Existe un mayor número de escolares con higiene oral buena sin encontrar variación significativa en cuanto al sexo masculino con el femenino.

Objective: To determine the Oral Hygiene Index in schoolchildren aged 12,from the Checa parish of Canton Cuenca, Province of Azuay, Ecuador, 2016. Materials and methods: Descriptive crosssectional study; the observational technique was applied to determinethe state of the epidemiological profile. The indicators were obtained through astructured survey. Results: In the 109 schoolchildren surveyed, there was as light predominance of females (58%) over males (42%). In addition, 47.7% presented good oral hygiene, 36.7% excellent oral hygiene, 14.7% regular oralhygiene and 0.9% poor oral hygiene, therefore, over half the students presenta good or excellent OHI. Conclusion: Most schoolchildren have good oral hygiene, and there are no significant variations in terms of sex.

Objetivo: Determinar o Índice de Higiene Oral em escolares de 12 anos, da Vila Checa do cidade de Cuenca, Estado de Azuay- Equador, 2016. Materiais e métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal; A técnica utilizada para determinar o status do perfil epidemiológico foi observacional. Os indicadores foram obtidos por meio de uma pesquisa estruturada. Resultados: Dos 109 escolares de 12 anos pesquisados, observouse discreto predomínio do sexo feminino (58%) em relação ao sexo masculino (42%). Além disso, determinou-se que 47,7% apresentavam boa higiene bucal, 36,7% excelente higiene bucal, 14,7% higiene bucal regular e 0,9% má higiene bucal, resultando em mais da metade dos estudantes apresentam um bom e excelente IHO.Conclusão: Existe um número maior de escolares com boa higiene bucal sem encontrar variação significativa no sexo masculino com o feminino.